One of the many common questions that were asked during the Islamic Awareness Tour was “If Allah does exist, what reasons do we have to believe Allah is One?” The question about the existence and oneness of Allah is important as it addresses a fundamental concept in Islamic theology, the concept of oneness.
The concept of Oneness of Allah addresses a fundamental concept in Islamic theology.
The Oneness of Allah is a central theme in the Qur’an and a message of all of the Prophets. The Qur’an eloquently describes the nature of Allah and His Oneness in the 112th Chapter,
Say: He is Allah, the One. Allah the Eternal. He begot no one nor was He begotten. No one is comparable to him.(Al-Ikhlas 112:1-4)
Before I begin to answer the question, it is important to add that the concept of Oneness in Islam is not limited to Allah’s singularity and uniqueness. There are many aspects to this concept which involve the way human beings should worship Allah, how they should understand His lordship, and how they should understand Allah’s names and attributes. It doesn’t stop there as these ideas transform an individual’s world view and outlook, as a famous Asian-subcontinent thinker once wrote,
“A believer in this…can never be narrow in outlook. He believes in a Allah Who is the Creator of the heavens and the earth, the Master of the East and the West and Sustainer of the entire universe. After this belief he does not regard anything in the world as a stranger to himself. He looks on everything in the universe as belonging to the same Lord he himself belongs to. His sympathy, love and service are not confined to any particular sphere or group. His vision is enlarged, his intellectual horizon widens, and his outlook becomes as liberal and as boundless as is the Kingdom of Allah. How can this width of vision and breadth of mind be achieved by an atheist, a polytheist or one who believes in a deity supposed to possess limited and defective powers like a man?”
In light of this, there are many ways to answer the question referring to Allah’s singularity and uniqueness, thereby providing a positive case for the Oneness of Allah, and they range from theological to philosophical arguments. I will present the following 5 arguments:
1- Occam’s Razor
2- Logical Argument
3- Conceptual Differentiation
4- Uniqueness
5- Revelation
Why He Is One
The Qur’an rhetorically asks the question “Did the universe come out of nothing?” The answer seems quite obvious due to the metaphysical and undeniable logic that whatever begins to exist has a cause, and since the universe began to exist, therefore it must have a cause. It would be irrational to posit more than one cause for the universe, as an infinite regress of causes is impossible. The reasons for this include the absurdity of the actual infinite existing in reality. Take the following examples into consideration:
1- You have an infinite number of people in a room. If I take two people away, how many do you have left? The answer is infinity minus two. However does this make sense? If there are less than an infinite number of people in a room, you should be able to count that number in the real world. But you can’t, in other words, the infinite doesn’t make sense in the real world. In light of this, mathematicians Kasman and Newman state:
“The infinite certainly does not exist in the same sense that we say ‘There are fish in the sea'”.
2- Imagine I am a soldier and I want to shoot an enemy. In order for me to shoot, I have to ask permission from the soldier behind me to shoot, but he has also to ask permission from the soldier behind him to shoot. Now imagine this continued forever, in other words, an infinite amount of time? Will I ever shoot the enemy? The answer is obvious. In the same light, an infinite regress of causes for the universe would mean there would be no universe in existence in the first place.
So, the conclusion that the universe has a single independent uncaused cause seems quite plausible; however, you can still posit a plurality of causes all occurring at the same time. Is this a sound argument? I believe it is not a strong argument if we take Ockham’s Razor into consideration. Ockham’s Razor is a philosophical principle attributed to the 14th century logician and Franciscan friar William of Ockham. This principle enjoins “Pluralitas non est ponenda sine necessitate”, in English “Plurality should not be posited without necessity.” In other words, the simplest and most comprehensive explanation is the best explanation.
Essentially, it means that in absence of any evidence or in absence of a need for a plurality of causes we should hold onto the most comprehensive and simple explanation.
In this case, we have no evidence to say the cause for the universe is actually a combination of two, three or even one thousand causes, so the simplest and most comprehensive explanation is that this cause is one. Postulating a plurality of causes does not add to the comprehensiveness of the argument.
In other words, to add more causes would not enhance the argument’s explanatory power or scope. For example, to claim that the universe was caused by an all powerful cause is just as comprehensive than to claim it was caused by two all powerful causes. Because one all powerful cause is all that is required, simply because it is all powerful.
A contention to this argument is that if we were to apply this principle to the pyramids in Egypt, we would absurdly adopt the view that it was made by one person. However, this is a misapplication of the principle. Taking the view that the pyramids were built by one person is actually not the simplest and most comprehensive explanation as it raises far more questions than it answers. For instance, how can one man build the pyramids?
It is far more comprehensive to postulate that it was built by many men. In light of this, someone can say that the universe is so complex that it would be absurd to postulate that it was created by only one being. This contention, although valid, is misplaced. A powerful being creating the whole universe is a far more coherent and simple explanation than a plurality of causes.
Now the critic may continue and argue that the pyramids could then have been built by an all powerful being. But the problem with this is that nothing within the universe is an all powerful being, and since the pyramids were built by an efficient cause (a person or persons that act), then it follows that it must be of the same type of cause.
To be continued….
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Taken with slight modifications form the author’s website: ww.hamzatzortzis.com.